The discussion of sanctions in this paper does not lend itself to sweeping conclusions. A key emerging point is that Latin America and the Caribbean is experiencing an upturn in the number and complexity of sanctions imposed, and this is likely to continue in coming years, requiring a sharp increase in corporate risk management and due diligence. Comprehensive US sanctions against Cuba and Venezuela, and more targeted action against Nicaragua, have caused significant economic pain and difficulty for those country’s governments and populations, but they have failed either to expand democracy or dislodge entrenched dictatorial regimes. Arguably sanctions can still play a role but only when coupled with other factors that are driving change. Meanwhile many of the more targeted sanctions, particularly those against narcotics trafficking, human rights violations, and corruption, can make a smaller but valuable contribution.
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